Topic: Robinson Crusoe as a moral tale

Name: Jinal Parmar B.

Roll no.:16

Sem.:1 M.A.

Paper no.:2- The Neo-Classical Literature

Submitted to: Smt. S. B. Gardi

Department of English

M. K. Bhavnagar University

Introduction of Daniel Defoe:--

                  Daniel Defoe was born in London, in the year 1660.He was a writer, Journalist, English trader, pamphleteer and spy. He was considered to be a founder of the English novel. He was very famous writer and known for his best novel “Robinson Crusoe”.

               Robinson Crusoe is a novel by Daniel Defoe, first published in 1719.The book is a fictional autobiography of the title character, an English castaway, who spends 28 years on a remote tropical island. This novel “Robinson Crusoe” is based on fact, A man by the name of Alexander Selkirk spent many years upon a lonely island before returning home to Scotland. Robinson Crusoe was well received in the literary work and is often credited as marking the beginning of realistic fiction as a literary genre.

Robinson Crusoe as a moral tale:--

                 The novel Robinson Crusoe called the original adventure novel. It is the first person narrative of fictionalized character. This novel also deals with the theme of morality. This novel contain many moral values and teach us morality from the character of Crusoe.

Didacticism:--

“Didacticism is a philosophy that emphasizes instructional and informative in literature and other types of art. The term has its origin in the Ancient Greek word ‘didaktikos’, “related to education and teaching” and signified learning in a fascinating and intriguing manner.”

                  In this novel Crusoe is the central character. Robinson Crusoe is a novel with a deep moral aspect. Defoe introduces his novel as an adventure story, but he highlights the moral value more than the adventure story. He aims to teach the reader the importance of reason through the disobedience, punishment and repentance of Crusoe. Crusoe’s shift from disobedience to obedience shows everyman’s journey from suffering to God’s grace and mercy. This moral theme is built gradually throughout the life and experience of this protagonist Crusoe.

              During Crusoe’s entire journey from his home to deserted island in which he passes through many problems, but he faces his problems very positively. Which we can learn as moral aspect of the novel:

Hard-working:--

Work hard is very important in our life, it makes us very disciplined and successful in life. In Robinson Crusoe the character of Crusoe is one of the example of a hard working man. He is characterize as a very hard working man, who is fearless and positive. Instead of complaining about his fate, he looks at the situation and does what is needed to make the situation better. For example,

He salvages useful items from the sinking ship, makes a canoe and safe shelters for himself, and hunt for food. He creates a comfortable life for himself and is able to survive on the island for twenty-eight years.

Gratitude:--

Gratitude is one of the moral value in the novel. Crusoe protects Friday from the cannibals and saved his life. Friday is dedicated to Crusoe and also thankful, the man who saves him from being eaten by the cannibals. The second English ship’s captain is grateful to Crusoe for rescuing him from the mutineers. Gratitude is one of the moral aspect in the novel that how Crusoe helps to the other people.

Loyalty and Friendship:--

Loyalty and Friendship are the moral aspest in the novel. Human need friendship and good relationship with others. In the novel there are some example of Loyalty and Friendship. When Crusoe runs away to London, he makes friends with a ship’s captain who grows to like and trust him. He teaches Crusoe mathematics and navigation until Crusoe becomes a good sailor. Crusoe is a friendly and sociable person.

                When Crusoe gets shipwrecked on the island he is desolate and miserable. Deprived of human company, he finds comfort and companionship with two dogs he rescues from the shipwreck, the parrot and the cats. During his twenty-eight years on the island, he manages to save a savage from a group of cannibals who land on the island. Friday is so grateful that he wants to Crusoe’s slave. However, Crusoe prefers him to be a friend. Crusoe teaches him to eat animal flesh, speak English and share his religious beliefs. Friday becomes his faithful companion and friend. Crusoe also becomes a friend to the Spanish and English mutineers who were left on the island. He solves their dispute and helps them to form friendships with each other.

                This is how in Crusoe’s entire journey he mets the various people. He is loyal to them some of the people.

Relationship with Nature:--

In this novel Crusoe is much connected with because he has spent twenty-eight years in lonely island. Humana are part of Nature and therefore should live and work harmony with Nature. Crusoe is a man at peace with Nature. He loves the sea and the outdoors, so when he is marooned on the island and finds himself alone with only Nature as his companion, he adapts easily. He is quick to use things from Nature to help him survive. He uses the trees and plants to build himself a canoe and homes, and to provide him with food Crusoe has a very deep relationship with Nature.

Faith in God:--

In Robinson Crusoe Defoe has a gradual moral approach. At first he is not a religious man but with some thinking of his existence on that island he begins to think himself as a chosen one. He is the only one who survived that is why being alone and special is the key of finding God in that sense. Being a chosen one is a puritanist approach so Defoe reflects his puritanist ideas by mentioning this. Crusoe has great faith in God. He does not give up hope when he is shipwrecked and finds himself all alone on a deserted island. His faith that God will sustain him through the many trials in life keeps him going. Crusoe says, “All… God for an answer.” Crusoe’s story belief in God is also seen when he teaches Friday about the goodness and power that comes with having faith in God. After passing twenty-eight years in island Crusoe get back to the home.

“Thus I left the island on the 19^th of December in the year 1686. It was the same day of the month that I made my first escape from the Moors of sale many years ago. The ship reached England after a long voyage on the 11^th of June 1687. By the grace of God I was home once more after thirty-five years.”

Conclusion:--

Robinson Crusoe is a moral story more than adventure story. Defoe introduces a character of Crusoe who has positivity of mind. Who teach us some moral value from the novel. Through Crusoe’s character we learn many moral lessons. So, it is a novel about moral aspect. So, we easily can believes that this novel ‘Robinson Crusoe as a moral tale’.

Topic: William Wordsworth: Preface

Name: Jinal Parmar B.

Roll no: 16

Paper no: 3- Literary Theory and Criticism

Sem.:1 M.A.

 Submitted to: Smt. S.B. Gardi

                          Department of English

                          M.K. Bhavnagar University

Introduction of William Wordsworth:--

                  William Wordsworth was born on 7^th April 1770 in Cokermouth, Great Britain. Wordsworth is considered the pioneer of the Romanticism in English Literature and he was a major English Romantic poet who, with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, helped to launch the Romantic Age in English Literature with the 1798 joint publication Lyrical Ballads. He was a leader of the Romantic Movement in England. Wordsworth’s masterpiece, however, would be his largely autobiographical poem entitled “The Prelude”, which focused on the formative experiences of his times. It was posthumously titled and published, prior to which it was generally known as “the poem to Coleridge”. Wordsworth was Britian’s poet Laureate from 1843 until his death in 1850.

Preface to Lyrical Ballads:--

            ‘The Lyrical Ballads’ was published in 1798 under the combined authorship of Wordsworth and Coleridge. This collection of poems generally considered to have marked the beginning of the English Romantic movement in literature. In the ‘Preface to the Lyrical Ballads’, Wordsworth at length, comments upon the functions and nature of poetry. Wordsworth famous pronouncement that “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”, and that it takes its origin from “emotion recollected in tranquility”, heralded the arrival of new school of poetry the Romantic school. Wordsworth lays special emphasis on powerful emotions and intense feeling, the qualities which the poetry of the preceding age lacked. Wordsworth started from an interest in life rather than in art.

            The word ‘spontaneous’ in Wordsworth’s definition does not mean ‘immediate’ or ‘sudden’; it implies ‘natural’ or ‘unforced’. The poet, possessing the capacity to reconstruct his earlier emotions and feelings is not solely concerned with the imitation of the external. His art externalizes the internal, and the feeling are the primary source of poetic creation. According to him poetry is the communication, not of ideas, but of emotions, and whatever knowledge the poet imparted through the emotions. The feeling are characterized as ‘powerful’, which implies their capacity to impart pleasure to the readers, and this pleasure is aroused only when the thought and feelings are justify associated with each other. Wordsworth’s statement is significant as it clearly indicates that he is not an advocate of aesthetic primitivism, but strongly advances the concept of spontancity having as its base the co-ordination of thoughts and feeling.

                 In Preface to the Lyrical Ballads Wordsworth says: “The principal object in these poems was to choose incidents and situations from common life, and to relate or describe them throughout, as far as possible, in a selection of language really used by men.” This statement of Wordsworth forms the credo of his critical theories, and has been equal vehemence. The poems of the Lyrical Ballads, standing as a landmark in the history of English poetry, indicate a clear departure from the established tradition of the neo-classical age of Dryden and Pope.

            In the Preface is Wordsworth’s poetic manifesto. The most obvious point that Wordsworth makes in it writing the poems themselves, as well as to the subject matter or focus of the poems which resides in common, everyday scenes of rural life and folk.

“The principle object, than, which I proposed to myself in these poems, was to choose incidents and situations from common life, and to relate or describe them throughout, as far as was possible, in a selection of language really used by men, and at the same time to throw over them a certain coloring of imagination, whereby ordinary things should be presented to the mind in an unusual way.”

              Wordsworth expressed his views on the nature and language of poetry in the Preface to the Lyrical Ballads. His views are important as they mark a complete break from the poetic traditions of the neo-classical school. He set for himself and others a new theory of man, of nature, and of poetry. Defining the nature and function of poetry, Wordsworth says in the Preface that “poetry is the spontaneous over flaw of powerful feelings: it takes its origin, from emotions recollected in tranquility, “poetry, Wordsworth believes, is not dependent upon rhetorical and literary devices; it is the free expression of the poet’s thoughts and feelings.

              Wordsworth’s position in his later work grew closer to that of Coleridge. But the poetic doctrines elaborated in the preface solidly underlay Lyrical Ballads and were the spring board to the expanded philosophy of art throughout The prelude. The poet binds together both passion and knowledge the vast empire of human society. Poetry is the first and last of all knowledge. It is an immortal as the heart of man.

           

              

Topic: Women characters in Kanthapura

Name: Jinal Parmar B.

Roll no: 16

Paper no: 4- Indian Writing in English

Sem.:1 M.A.

 Submitted to: Smt. S.B. Gardi

                          Department of English

                          M.K. Bhavnagar University

Introduction of Raja Rao:--

              Raja Rao was born on November 8, 1908 in Hassan, British India. Rao was an Indian writer of English language novel and short stories, whose works are deeply rooted in Hinduism. Rao’s involvement in the nationalist movement is reflection in his first two books. The novel Kanthapura was an account of the impact of Gandhi’s teaching on non-violent resistance against the British. The story is seen from the perspective of a small village in south India. Rao borrows then style and structure from Indian vernacular tales and folk-epic. Rao returned to the theme of Gandhian in the short-story collection ‘The cow of the Barricades’.

Kanthapura:--

              Kanthapura is one of the book of Raja Rao. Kanthapura was published in 1938. Kanthapura is the first major Indian novel in English was written in the colonial India. This novel deals with the civil Disobedience Movement. Mahatma Gandhi on the participation of a small village of South India in the national struggle calls for the story’s central concern. But this novel of colonial India is Post-Colonial in spirit for various reasons. To deify Gandhi is a part of the process of decolonizing the Indian mind. In the novel there are at least three strands of experience in the novel: the political, the religious and the social, and all are woven inextricably into the complex story of Kanthapura.

                  This novel is narrated in the form of a ‘Sthalpurana’ by an old woman of the village, Achakka. Kanthapura is a traditional caste ridden Indian village which is away from all modern ways of living. Dominent castes like Brahmins are privileged to get the best region of the village whereas Sudras, Pariahs are marginalized. The village is believed to have projected by a local deity called Kenchamma. Though casteist, the village has got a long nourished traditions of festivals in which all castes interact and the villagers are united. As Rao explains in his original foreword, there is no village in India, however mean, that has not a rich legendary history of its own, in which some famous figure of myth or history has made an appearance. In this way, the story-teller, who commemorate the past, keeps a native audience in touch with its lore and thereby allows the past to mingle with the present, the gods and heroes with ordinary mortals.

Women Characters in Kanthapura:--

               In Kanthapura there  are many major and minor characters. Raja Rao has present some women characters. Rao has very well portrayed women characters in the novel.

Achakka:--

                 Achakka is one of the main character of the novel. Who is telling a story to his grandson in fleshback. She is the open-minded Brahmin female narrator, who recounts the rise of Gandhian resistance to British colonial rule. Weaving Kanthapura legends and Hindu myths into her story, she documents the wisdom and daily routines of village life while recalling her own conversion to Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi philosophy. Although she is a grandmother who survives by subsistence farming, she seems age less in her strength and charity. As Achakka becomes increasingly involved in the resistance. She studies Vedic texts and yoga with Rangamma and participates in boy cotts of foreign cloth and in picketing against tobacco and liquor shops, during which she is beaten, along with other Gandhians. When her house, with much of Kanthapura, is burned, she goes to live in the nearby village of Kashipura.

Rangamma:--

                  Rangamma is also one of the main character of the novel Kanthapura. Raja Rao has portrayed her character as a wealthy young Brahmin. Rangamma is converted by Moorthy to Gandhi’s views. Widely respected but lonely, she reads frequently and nurtures curiosity about other countries. As the resistance movement grows, she publishes a weekly political pamphlet and sponsors daily discussion on the nationalist movement, turning her home into Kanthapura’s center for Congress party activities. Bold in a traditionalist context, she refutes Bhatta’s self-serving religious and inspires many villagers to follow Gandhi’s teachings. When Moorthy is imprisoned and her father, a vedantic teacher, dies, she continues both as organizer for the Gandhians and as Vedic interpreter and yoga teacher. Eventually, she organizes the women of Kanthapura as the sevis, who lead nonviolent resistance marches, a role that results in her being beaten and imprisoned.

Kenchamma:--

                In Kanthapura, Kenchamma leads main role in the novel. Kenchamma is the Goddess for the villagers. Kenchamma is the mother of Himavathy. Kenchamma came from the Heavens, it was the sage Tripura who had made penances to bring her down- and she wages such a battle and she fought so many a night that the blood soaked and soaked into the earth, and that is why the Kenchamma Hill is all red. Kenchamma is Goddess for the people of Kanthapura. Right is the centre of the village is a temple dedicated to Kenchamma, Great Goddess, Being one. A river, a hill and a temple with the presiding deity of the village complete the picture. There is a folk song which evokes in us image and attitude as to what Kenchamma means to the people of Kanthapura:

“Kenchamma, Kenchamma,

Goddess benign and bounteous,

Mother of Earth, Blood of life,

Harvest queen, rain crowned,

Kenchamma, Kenchamma,

Goddess benign and bounteous.”

               Kenchamma is the centre of the village and makes every-thing meaningful. A marriage, a funeral, sickness, death, plaguing, harvesting, arrests, and release – all are watched over by Kenchamma. So, this is the character of Kenchamma, who is the Goddess for the people of Kanthapura.

Kamalamma:--

                Kamalamma, Rangamma’s thirty- year’s old traditionalist sister. A strict adherent to the Vedic caste system, she rejects Rangamma’s conversion to Gandhi’s teaching and her own daughter Ratna’s modern behavior and attitude. Kamalamma embodies the larger conflict with in the village through her divisive stance within the family, being for more concerned with Ratna’s eligibility for remarriage than with her daughter’s role in the swaraj movement.

Ratna:--

               Ratna is one of the character of the novel. Ratna, the fifteen years old widowed daughter of Kamalamma. Throughly modern in her behavior of speaking her mind and walking alone in the village, the educated, attractive niece of Rangamma follows her aunt’s example by joining the resistance movement. She breaks tradition by assisting Rangamma in the teaching of the Vedic texts as justification for Gandhi’s views, suffers beatings in the protest marches, and is nearly raped by a policeman. When Rangamma is imprisoned, Ratna assumes leadership of the sevis and, eventually, also suffers imprisonment to continue her activism in Bombay.

               Kanthapura reflects the elements of Human and Feminism in the novel here is quote about:

“The British rule in India gave dalits and women an opportunity to display their anger and power which in a subtle ways foretells that they are capable of fighting any type of opperession. They can both be admired for their role in the freedom struggle and feared for the potential they respected which can subvert and transform the status.”

Conclusion:--

                 In this novel there is also main character namely Moorthy who played a vital role in the novel. But there are also many women characters in the novel some are the played major role and some are the played minor role for example, Waterfall venkamma, Range Gowda, Shankara these are the minor characters in the novel.

                 So, these are the women characters in the novel Kanthapura.

Topic: Hamlet’s major scenes

Name: Jinal parmar B.

Roll no.:16

Sem.:1- M.A.

Paper no.:1- The Renaissance Literature

Submitted to.: Smt. S. B. Gardi

Department of English

M.K. Bhavnagar University

                      Introduction of William Shakespeare :-

               William Shakespeare (26 April 1564 (baptized)-23 April 1616) was an English playwright and poet .William Shakespeare is one of the famous writer in English Literature. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and also dramatist. He is called as England’s national poet and the “bard of Avon”. He has wrote the famous 154 sonnet, two long narrative poems,38 plays and few other verses, the authorship of some of which is uncertain. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the 16^th century. Then he wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, like “King Lear”, “Othello”, ”Hamlet”, ”Macbeth” and “Romeo and Juliet” these works are considered as finest work of Shakespeare in English language. The Titular hero of one of Shakespeare’s most famous tragedies, Hamlet has probably been discussed more than any other Shakespearean character, especially for his famous soliloquy which begins “To be or not to be; that is the question”. It is believed that the play was first performed between 1600 and 1601. In the Elizabethan era there was a huge demand for new entertainment and the drama would have been produced immediately following the completion of the play.

o   The raw material that Shakespeare appropriated in writing Hamlet is the story of a Danish prince whose uncle has murder the father of a prince Hamlet. Claudius, the uncle of Hamlet and he marries to Hamlet’s mother Gertrude and claims the throne so for this reason Hamlet goes on taking revenge to the Claudius. In this play Shakespeare emphasizes that how Hamlet is taking revenge to his father’s murderer.

                    Major Scenes :-

          There are many important scenes in Hamlet, but the one there is vital part in understanding Hamlet’s character in Act-3, Scene-1. It gives us in depth look at Hamlet’s true character, that Hamlet is extremely melancholy and discontented with the state of affairs in Denmark and his own Family-indeed, in the world at large. How Hamlet thinks to the point of obsession, he also act rashly and impulsively, this is shown by how he behaves towards Ophelia, when she rejects him. It also shows how he is plagued by the “big question of life” like the wisdom of suicide and what happens after death. In Hamlet Shakespeare give some light on Hamlet’s character that how he behave with other character just because he wants to take revenge of his father’s murder. And for that some of the incidents are take place in the life of Hamlet and so it considered as the major scenes in the play Hamlet. In the play Hamlet there are five Acts and each Act contain several Scenes.

1.        The Ghost scene :--

           In Hamlet Ghost scene is one of the horrible scene. “Ghost” is the King Hamlet who was murdered by his own brother Claudius. The opening of Hamlet is highly imaginative and artistic with all the suggestion of mystery and unspoken horror. In the play Hamlet ghost comes four times during the entire play: in Act 1 Scene1, Act 1 Scene 4, Act 1 Scene 5 and Act 3 Scene 4. The ghost is a part of the machinery of the revenge play. The ghost is primarily connected with the motive of revenge; and so there is the justification of such convection. The first ghost scene occurs in beginning of the play to a duo of soldiers- Barnardo and Marcellus-and a visitor to Denmark, Horatio. The second ghost scene appearance, Horatio has talked Prince Hemlet into staying up with the guards to see if the ghost returns. At midnight, it appears, and beckons Hamlet to follow. Horatio and his friend beg him not to go alone, but he does anyway, driven by curiosity. Then ghost tells to the young Hamlet that he was poisoned and murdered by his brother, Claudius, the new king of Denmark, and tells to prince Hamlet to take avenge of his murder. He also expresses disgust at his wife, Gertrude, for marrying Claudius, but warns Hamlet not to confront her mother, but to leave that to Heaven. In the third appearance of ghost, Hamlet is confronted by the ghost in his mother’s closet, and is scolded for not carrying out his revenge and for disobeying in talking with Gertrude. Hamlet fearfully apologizes. In this scene, the ghost is described as being in his nightgown. In the Act-1, Scene-5 ghost reveal the mystery of the murder that while he was sleeping in his orchard, Claudius snuck over and poured poison in his ear.

“Thus was I sleeping, by a brother’s hand

Of life, of crown, of queen, at once dispatch’d :

Cut off even in the blossom of my sin,

Unhousel’d, disappointed, unaneled;

No reckoning made, but sent to my account”

           Hamlet promises to avenge his father’s death but he warns Hamlet not to do anything to Gertrude, his mother. Then Hamlet decided that he wants to take revenge of his father’s murder.

 2. To be, or not to be:--

“To be, or not to be” is one of the soliloquy of Hamlet. In the play this soliloquy occurs in Act-3, Scene-1.

When Hamlet utters the pained question,

“To be, or not to be: that is the question

Whether ‘tis nobler in the mind to suffer

The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune

Or to take arms against a sea of troubles”

 There is little doubt that he is thinking of death. Although he attempts to pose such a question in a rational and logical way, he is still left without an answer of whether the “sling and arrows of outrageous fortune” can be borne out since life after death is so uncertain. The meaning of the “to be, or not to be” speech in Shakespeare’s Hamlet has been given numerous interpretations, each of which are textually, historically, or otherwise based. In general, while Hamlet’s famous “to be, or not to be” soliloquy questions the righteousness of life over death in moral terms, much of the speech’s emphasis is on the subject of death even if in the end he is determined to live and see his revenge through. At this point in the plot of Hamlet, he wonders about the nature of his death and thinks for a moment that it may be like a deep sleep, which seems at first to be acceptable until the speculates on what will come in such a deep sleep. After posing this complex question and wondering about the nature of the great sleep, Hamlet then goes on the list many suffering men are prone to in the rough course of life, which makes it seem as though he is moving toward death yet again. By the end of this soliloquy, however, he finally realizes,

“But that dread of something after death

The undiscover’d country, from whose bourn

No traveler returns-puzzles the will

And makes us rather bear those ills we have”

Although at this last moment Hamlet realizes that many chose life over death because of this inability to know the afterlife, the speech remains a deep contemplation about the nature and reasons for death.

3. The Nunnery Scene:--

         This “Nunnery scene” occurs in Act-3, Scene-1 in the play Hamlet. This is one the heartbreaking scene where Hamlet expresses the emotion he has and we see him acting on his anger. In the play of Hamlet the nunnery scene is a very important part of the the plot. In this scene “Get thee to a nunnery” is a play on words. Although a nunnery is a place for pure women who give themselves body and soles to god. A nunnery also means a whore house. Nunnery has double meaning. Essentially Hamlet is telling Ophelia that she is unpure and a whore, and he calls Polonius a “fishmonger” is de facto a slang term for agent of prostitutes.

         In the “Get thee to a nunnery” scene, Hamlet exercises his abilities to play act. Hamlet begins this scene with adoration and heartfelt happiness to see Ophelia. But, being in a crucial position not to trust anyone, Hamlet becomes skeptical and quizzes Ophelia’s reactions and honesty. Hamlet has used this tactic with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. By saying “are you honest” and “are you fair”, he watches her stumble over her answers, and in a split second, knows that she playacts as much as he. Hamlet uses this to his advantage by quickly acting mad. Through his "lunacy," he rants and raves to her, convincing her that his madness comes from her. He leads her through one more trap when asking about her father .Ophelia fails this last test miserably, and he knows that she lies to him willingly and her father locates himself within spying distance. Hamlet then falls farther into his playacting of lunacy and puts on a terrific display, leading Ophelia, Claudius, and Polonius to think that his madness sprouted from Ophelia.

But end of the play Hamlet proclaims his love for Ophelia at her funeral. During this scene, Ophelia plays her part poorly. She acts as a setup for Claudius and Polonius to judge Hamlet through his actions and his words. And then Gertrude ready to accept Ophelia as Hamlet’s wife. Through this scene readers can imagination Hamlet’s tragic condition that how he suffers a lot.

4. The Play within a play:--

       This scene “play with in a play” occurs in Act-3, Scene-2. This is one of the scene where Hamlet comes to know about the guiltiness of Claudius who has poisoned King Hamlet. This scene is pivotal scene in the play because it provides Hamlet with the evidence to fulfill his father’s request, but his sense of morality and his careful nature haven’t allowed him to act impulsively. He knows that the ghost may have been in a devil in disguise, so he felt obligated to find proof of Claudius’s guilt. While this scene “play with in a play” Hamlet has give a running commentary on the action and makes sure that both Gertrude and Claudius are tuned into the action. Claudius is suspicious and feeling uncomfortable while watching a play that so closely matches his own life’s circumstances, he even asks Hamlet about the title of the play. Once the poison is poured in the ear of king Hamlet. Claudius abruptly leaves the stage, the trap had been set, and it sprung on Claudius. The actual title of the play is “The Murder of Gonzago”, Hamlet changes the title to “The Mousetrap” because that is what the play really is a trap to catch a mouse–cats like to play with their prey before they kill it kind of like Hamlet is behaving here.

           After the play, Hamlet is a new man. His sense of energy and enthusiasm for the task of vengeance are renewed. He now knows that is a very freeing feeling for him. Unfortunately, circumstances get in the way of action, and ultimately, Hamlet ends up a victim of Laertes and Claudius’s deadly duel plan. In this scene where Hamlet discovers Claudius is feeling guilty is the main plot of the play. In this Act of the scene is the climax of the play. 

5. Confession of Claudius:--

             This scene occurs in Act-3, Scene-3 in the play. In this scene Claudius confess his sin in front of god. Hamlet is satisfied that the play has proven his uncle’s guilt. When Claudius prays, we come to know that Claudius is murderer of his brother. This only heightens our sense that the climax of the play is due to arrive, but Hamlet waits because he don’t want to send Claudius to heaven.

“O, my offence is rank, it smells to heaven;

It hath the primal eldest curse upon’t,

A brother’s murder. Pray can I not,

My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent

And like a man to double business bound,

I stand in pause where I shall first begin,

And both neglect.”

          Hamlet wants to kill Claudius, but it seems that he waits because he wants a more radical revenge. Critics such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge have been horrified by Hamlet’s words here-he completely oversteps the bounds of Christian morality in trying to damn his opponent’s soul as well as kill him. But apart from ultraviolet posturing, Hamlet has once again avoided the imperative to act by involving himself in a problem of knowledge. Now that Hamlet is satisfied that he knows Claudius’s guilt, he wants to know that his punishment will be sufficient.

“Up, sword, and know thou a more horrid bent :

When he is drunk asleep, or in his rage,

Or in the incestuous pleasure of his bed ;

At game, a-swearing, or about some act

That has no relish of salvation in’t;

Then trip him, that his heels may kick at heaven

And that his soul may be damn’d and black

As hell, where to it goes.”

           In this scene, at this point Hamlet has gone beyond his earlier need to know the facts about the crime, and he now craves metaphysical knowledge, knowledge of the afterlife and of God, before he is willing to act. Through this scene we come to know guiltiness of Claudius where he feels repentance his sin while, he was praying to the god.

6. The Closet Scene:--

 

This scene occurs in Act-3, Scene-4 in the play Hamlet. In this scene the play turns into twist and it is the subplot of the play. Spying is a recurring theme in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet as it creates an abundant amount of dramatic intensity throughout the play. It causes the death of Polonius, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, and it reveals significant characteristics of major characters. Shakespeare specifically incorporates spying into certain scene known as observation scene dramatically enhances the dimatic moments of the play and develops the complex reasoning behind many major characters such as Hamlet.

                The most important observation scene in the play is that as Hamlet discusses his true feeling to Gertrude while Polonius overhears the conversation behind the tapestry. Where she tells Hamlet has badly offended his father, meaning Claudius; Hamlet answers that she has badly offended his father, meaning King Hamlet. Hamlet intimidates Gertrude, and she cries out that he is trying to murder to her. Then Polonius reacts from behind the curtain and yells for help and so Hamlet thought that behind the curtain there is Claudius, then Hamlet draws his sword and by mistakly thrusts it through the tapestry, killing Polonius. When Hamlet lifts the wallhanging and discovers Polonius’s body, he tells the body that he had believed he was stabbing the king.

          Throughout the play, Hamlet display hostility towards his uncle Claudius due to the marriage between him and Gertrude. This is especially evident in the closet scene as Hamlet berated his mother with many sexual and incestuous references. In order to explain the relationship between Hamlet and his mother, Sigmund Freud’s theory the Oedipus complex identifies this situation as a male’s unconscious sexual desire for his mother. Freud believes that these sexual desire are repressed unconsciously which in turns creates a lasting effect in a boy’s life. An example in this scene is when Hamlet says,

“But to live

 In the rank sweat of an enseamed bed

 Stewed in corruption, honeying and making love

 Over the nasty sty!”

         Here in this scene Hamlet is furious with his mother’s sexual relationship with Claudius and his sexual desire emerges in his sexual allusions.

7. The Gravedigger Scene:--

        This is the one of the painful scene for prince Hamlet. This scene occurs in Act-5, Scene-1 in the play Hamlet. In this scene two clowns are discuss the burial for which they are digging. An inquest has declared the corpse fit for Christian burial. The first clown argues that the dead woman deserves no such indulgence, because she drowned herself and is not worthy of salvation. The second clown explain that she deserve defending.  This how there is discussion between grave diggers. Then Hamlet comes with Horatio and both Hamlet and Clown Questioning and answering to each other. The gravedigger tells him the skull belonging to Yorick, the King’s jester.

         Hamlet and Horatio observe that the Queen, King and Laertes arrive among a Group of mourners escorting a coffin. He observes that the funeral is not a full Christian rite but that the body is being interred in sacred ground. Laertes argues with the priest that, grant her all the rites of a Christian burial then priest replay that because she has committed suicide, he must deny Ophelia the requiem mass and other trappings of a Christian burial, even though Ophelia will be buried on sacred ground. Then Hamlet and Horatio comes to know about the death of Ophelia and after that Hamlet and Laertes argue over who loved Ophelia best. Hamlet says that I love Ophelia; forty thousand brothers could not, with all their quantity of love. Here in this scene Hamlet express his feeling for Ophelia and he feels very sorrow for Ophelia.

8. The Duel Scene:--

             This scene comes at the end of the play. This scene occurs in Act-5, Scene-2 in the play. In this final scene, the violence, so long delayed, erupts with dizzying speed. This is duel between Hamlet and Laertes but other characters drop one after the other, poisoned, stabbed, and, in the case of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, executed, as the theme of revenge and justice reaches its conclusion in the moment when Hamlet finally kills Claudius. Before this fight Claudius has mixed the poison in to the cup of wine and says that if Hamlet wins the first or second hit. He will drink to Hamlet’s health and give the wine to Hamlet. When Hamlet hits Laertes again than Gertrude rises to drink from the cup. In an aside, Claudius murmurs, “It is the poison’d cup: it is too late”. Then she calls out to Hamlet, and dies.

 “Does it not, think’st thee, stand me now upon-

He that hath kill’d my King, and stained my mother;

Popp’d in between the election and my hopes;

Thrown out his angle for my proper life,

And with such Cozenage-is’t not perfect conscience,

To quit him with this? and is’t not to be damn’d’

To let this canker of our nature come

In further evil ?”

 Hamlet takes revenge of his father and mother’s death and kills to Claudius. After that Hamlet tells Horatio that he is dying and exchanges a last forgiveness with Laertes, who dies after absolving Hamlet. This is the final scene of the play Hamlet.

“It will be short : the interim is mine ;

And a man’s  life’s no more than to say ‘one’,

But I am very sorry, good Horatio

That to Laertes I forgot myself;

For, by the image of my cause, I see

The portraiture of his ; I’ll court hig favours;

But sure, the bravery of his grief did put me

Into a towering passion.”

           

              The story of Hamlet based on a Danish revenge story first recorded by Saxo Grammaticus in the 1100s. In these stories, a Danish prince fakes madness in order to take revenge on his uncle, who had killed the prince’s father and married his mother. But Shakespeare modified this rather straight forward story and filled it with dread and uncertainty Hamlet doesn’t just feign madness; he seems at times to actually be crazy. This play Hamlet is one the famous play in English Literature and in the play Shakespeare has describe some of the scenes and Soliloquies which are very famous.  So, these are the major scenes of the play Hamlet.